Sự Thật về thuốc Siêu Nạc (Clenbuterol)

[VinhL]

Trích:
FS3_-_Clenbuterol.pdf
www.moniqa.org/webfm_send/568

MoniQA Fact Sheet No 3 on:
Clenbuterol (March 2009)
Network of Excellence supported by the European Commission under FP6
Coordinator: Roland Poms (ICC) www.moniqa.org
Globalized trade in food means more choice for
consumers. However, globalization can also threaten
human health. Funded by the European Union, MoniQA
(Monitoring and Quality Assurance in the Food Supply
Chain) brings together 33 organisations from around the
world that are working together to help food
manufacturers, retail outlets and regulatory bodies to cope
with the challenges posed by a globalised food economy.
This factsheets provides an overview of clenbuterol and its
detection in Chinese pork.
The Clenbuterol Molecule
What is Clenbuterol?
Clenbuterol is a bronchodilator used in
asthma medicine worldwide for the
treatment of allergic respiratory disease in
horses. A common trade name is
Ventipulmin, and it can be used both orally
and intravenously. Clenbuterol is also a
non-steroidal anabolic and metabolism
accelerator, through a mechanism not well
understood, which is why it is used illegally
by athletes to build muscle. Its ability,
however, to induce weight gain and ensure
a greater proportion of muscle makes its
illegal use in livestock popular.
Clenbuterol accumulates in the human body
through ingestion. It is heat stable only
decomposing at temperatures over 172
degrees Celsius. Thus, cooking cannot easily
eliminate toxicity. Long-term consumption
can lead to malignant tumours but it also
poses dangers to patients who have high
blood pressure or diabetes.
Patients and those with excess intake often
share similar symptoms including
palpitations, nausea, vomiting, dizziness,
chest tightness, anxiety, shaking, weakness,
and instability.
Clenbuterol in Pork
Clenbuterol accelerates the catabolism of fat
in pigs and, when added to feed, it not only
shortens growth time but also increases the
sale price of pork and pig organs. Meat
containing clenbuterol often has a bright red
skin with very little fat. However, approval in
the EU is for bovine and equidae use only.
Maximum residue levels in products of
animal origin are set in Regulation (EC)
2391/2000 at:
Animal species Target tissue MRL
Bovine Kidney 0.5 μg/kg
Liver 0.5 μg/kg
Milk 0.05 μg/kg
Meat .1 μg/kg
Equidae Kidney 0.5 μg/kg
Liver 0.5 μg/kg
Meat 0.1 μg/kg
MoniQA, an EU-funded project connecting global players in the field of food safety and quality,
addresses the melamine crisis and other emerging issues in food safety.
The Case in China
In February 2009, 70 people fell ill after
eating pork products contaminated with
clenbuterol. The victims, all in Guangdong
province, consumed meat bought from
markets in Guangzhou, the provincial capital
of Guangdong, which came from farms in
the neighbouring Hunan province.
Since 1998, there have been at least 19
clenbuterol food poisoning cases in China
affecting more than 1,750 people including
one confirmed death.
In 2006, a series of food borne illnesses in
300 people from Shanghai were associated
with meals containing pork or pig intestines
contaminated with clenbuterol. In June
2006, employees of a hotel in Foshan
suffered from clenbuterol poisoning while
hundreds of workers in a glass factory in
Guangdong Province were also poisoned
by clenbuterol in May 2006.
70 employees at a plastics factory in Jiaxing
City, Zhejiang Province were taken ill with
clenbuterol poisoning after eating pork in the
company cafeteria during November 2008.
Between October 8 and 18 2008, three
people were confirmed to have been
poisoned by clenbuterol from pork in
Page 1 Guangdong.
For further information please visit our website:
www.moniqa.org or contact moniqa@moniqa.org.
A European Commission funded initiative within the Sixth Framework Programme
Topic T5.4.5.1: Quality and safety control strategies for food (NOE)
Contract N0. FOOD-CT-2006-036337
MoniQA Emerging Issues Working Group
One of several working groups within the MoniQA project, the Emerging
Issues Working Group is tasked with keeping a watching brief on new and
emerging issues in food safety on a global scale and undertaking horizon
scanning for potential, as yet unregulated, food contamination hazards.
Previous topics covered have included melamine in Chinese milk and dioxins
in Irish pork and beef.
For specific information about the Emerging Issues Working Group simply
click on http://www.moniqa.org/emerging
To download other MoniQA factsheets visit http://www.moniqa.org/media
References
Barbosa, J. et al. (2005) Food poisoning by clenbutarol in
Portugal. Food additives and Contaminants 22(6): 563-566.
Brambilla, G. (1997). Food poisoning following consumption of
clenbuterol-treated veal in Italy. JAMA 278:635.
Garay, JB. Et al. (1997) Intoxicatión por clenbutarol: Datos
clínicos y analíticos de un brote epidemico en Móstoles. Madrid.
Revista Clinica Espanoca 197: 92-95.
Maistro, S. et al. (1995). Beta blockers to prevent clenbuterol
poisoning. Lancet 346: 180.
Martinez-Navarro, JF. (1990) Food poisoning related to
consumption of illicit β-agonist in liver. Lancet 336:1311.
Pulce, C. et al. (1991) Collective human food poisoning by
clenbutarol residues in veal liver. Veterinary and Human
toxicology 33: 480-481.
In the Media
http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/as.../china.poisoni
ngs/index.html
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,500664,00.html
MoniQA Fact Sheet No 3 on:
Clenbuterol
Network of Excellence supported by the European Commission under FP6
Coordinator: Roland Poms (ICC)
Emerging Issues Working Group:
MoniQA and Clenbuterol
MoniQA devotes a share of its resources to emerging (and
previously unforeseen) food safety issues. The case of
clenbuterol, whilst not currently an export issue, is nonetheless of
international importance as cases are not limited to China.
Though not recent, four separate cases of acute food poisoning
in Portugal, involving 50 people, were caused by eating lamb or
beef containing clenbuterol between April 1998 and April 2002
(Barbosa et al. 2005), while similar cases have been reported in
Spain, (Martinez-Navarro 1990; Garay et al. 1997), France (Pulce
et al. 1991) and Italy (Maistro et al. 1995; Brambilla et al. 1997,
2000).
Methods for detection
Clenbuterol is one of a group of drugs called beta 2-agonists,
including mabuterol, terbutaline, carbuterol, cimaterol,
salbutamol, clenpenterol, isoxsuprine, bambuterol and
ractopamine. For control purposes the matrices of choice are
urine and liver. Clenbuterol can be detected using screening
methods based on immunochemical properties, eg. ELISA or
optical biosensors. Alternatively a wide range of beta agonists
can be screened and/or confirmed using liquid chromatography
(LC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). When
performing LCMSMS measurements for clenbuterol and a wide
range of beta agonists, it is common for deuterated analogues to
be used as internal standards